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{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "NewsArticle", "dateCreated": "2024-11-27T23:24:10+02:00", "datePublished": "2024-11-27T23:24:10+02:00", "dateModified": "2024-11-27T23:24:08+02:00", "url": "https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/22168/sports/football/rwanda-premier-league-is-rescheduling-games-affecting-clubs", "headline": "Rwanda Premier League: Is rescheduling games affecting clubs?", "description": "Rescheduling league games has been a constant feature in the Rwanda Premier League and on the African continent at large for many years. The league body...", "keywords": "", "inLanguage": "en", "mainEntityOfPage":{ "@type": "WebPage", "@id": "https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/22168/sports/football/rwanda-premier-league-is-rescheduling-games-affecting-clubs" }, "thumbnailUrl": "https://www.newtimes.co.rw/thenewtimes/uploads/images/2024/11/27/64989.jpg", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://www.newtimes.co.rw/thenewtimes/uploads/images/2024/11/27/64989.jpg" }, "articleBody": "Rescheduling league games has been a constant feature in the Rwanda Premier League and on the African continent at large for many years. The league body normally issues the fixture schedule before the season starts but the calendar may change and force games rescheduled due to clubs' engagement in Africa competitions and international football games among other factors. This scenario has over the years affected many teams not only in Rwanda alone but also across the entire African continent. Narrowing down our sphere, there have been clubs such as MO Bejaia and MC El Eulma of Algeria as well as Marumo Gallants of South Africa who got relegated from their domestic league the same season they played in Africa club competitions. This was due to the fact that they had so many rescheduled games and could not catch up. APR FC are supposed to play four rescheduled league games in the space of 11 days between December 1 and December 11 to ensure that all first round matches need to end before the Christmas break The military club is in a predicament which other clubs have also faced in the past years and, aside playing in CAF club competitions, national team camping has also caused the league to be rescheduled a host of times. With that, there is not much to say as Amavubi remains a big priority. ALSO READ: Rayon vs APR derby postponed again In the recent 2025 African Cup of National (AFCON) and CHAN qualifiers, Amavubi coach Frank Torsten Spittler emphasized that the league should go on as he doesn't need players for long periods as they already know his philosophy. I do not need players camping for a long time and the league can go on this weekend, we already have the core of the team and the national team games are closer to each other so whatever we learnt is still in their head, Spittler said before Amavubi beat Djibouti 3-0 win in the CHAN qualifiers. ALSO READ: Rayon Sports vs APR to be rescheduled For the clubs, rescheduling league games is a real headache as it serves as a bane to their plans, technical team tactics, finances from game proceeds. Mukura Victory Sports Managing Director Protais Musoni believes the fixture calendar can be managed if all concerned stakeholders make it their responsibility. Rescheduling Rwanda Premier League games disrupts clubs plans, affects player recovery, technical preparations, finances, and fan engagement. Some clubs have to play 3 matches in 10 Days. Some matches will be played in midweek that affects fan attendance at stadium, Musoni told Times Sport. It's very challenging. Hopefully, it's a lesson for clubs, and Rwanda Premier league, next time fixtures might be adjusted and planned based on international competitions either for clubs or national teams.” How does rescheduled games affect players? Players are the main actors in football. According to Sems-Journal on Sports & Exercise medicine published in Switzerland on November 1, 2019, when the football schedule is congested (that is two matches per week over several weeks), the repetition of matches can lead to a chronic fatigue among the players who play regularly, as the recovery time between two successive matches may be too short. Players need a minimum three to four days (72 hours to 96 hours) to effectively recover fully from a match. Otherwise, the risk of getting injuries increases due to fatigue. In Europe, teams playing in lesser European competitions do not risk, for example 90 percent of Chelsea players playing in the UEFA Conference League this season are not actively playing in league games. Again, even those teams like playing in top European competitions like the Champions League and the Europa, they manage things very well and the system there is that tedious. Traveling is easy, no long transit, and even after games, they have special nutritionists, doctors and others who make sure the players regain their energy. Moreover, unlike Africa where continental club competitions are mostly played on weekends, in Europe, they are played in midweek making clubs have the chance to play their domestic league games on the weekend. Rescheduling league games is not only a Rwandan league problem but an issue for Africa. It is about time that fixtures are made by the various football federations and league boards taking club and national team football into consideration. When this is done, leagues will go on smoothly without being interrupted. This will help both the players, fans and club management.", "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "Edmund Okai Gyimah" }, "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "The New Times", "url": "https://www.newtimes.co.rw/", "sameAs": ["https://www.facebook.com/TheNewTimesRwanda/","https://twitter.com/NewTimesRwanda","https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCuZbZj6DF9zWXpdZVceDZkg"], "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "/theme_newtimes/images/logo.png", "width": 270, "height": 57 } }, "copyrightHolder": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "The New Times", "url": "https://www.newtimes.co.rw/" } }
Pembina Pipeline Corporation Announces Redemption of Series 22 Preferred Shares
NBL leaders Melbourne United are set to be bolstered by the return of star pair Marcus Lee and Ian Clark for their clash with the Brisbane Bullets. The two imports were sidelined with soreness as Melbourne extended their winning streak to five games with a 97-70 trouncing of New Zealand on Thursday night. In-form shooter Chris Goulding also sat out with a calf strain and is expected to miss at least two weeks - a period during which United play four games. But coach Dean Vickerman expects Lee and Clark back in action as Melbourne (12-4) host the Bullets (4-7) at John Cain Arena on Sunday. "I think they'll both be high probability (to play)," Vickerman said after the big win over New Zealand in Christchurch. "Tonight it was if we needed to throw them out there for a possession or two they were probably healthy enough to give us that. "But we'll take care of their bodies tomorrow and see how their bodies are getting off the flight. "I think there's certainly an opportunity there for them to contribute more than they did today." Melbourne sparked their current winning streak with a comprehensive road win over Brisbane in their most recent meeting on November 7. The strong run continued with the statement victory over New Zealand as veteran centre Rob Loe stepped up in Lee's absence in the front-court. Loe helped pick up the scoring slack without Goulding on the floor, pouring in 25 points, and highlighted a team-first attitude as being key to United's success so far this season. "We've got collective buy-in for one goal and that's to win games," Loe said. "We sacrifice for each other and as long as someone gets hot we'll celebrate. "You saw it on the bench (against New Zealand). Marcus and Ian weren't playing but they were the first ones standing up and celebrating us. "That doesn't happen on every team with the imports that teams bring in. It's something special that our team really has."Aston Villa had a stoppage-time goal disallowed as they drew 0-0 with Juventus in the Champions League. Morgan Rogers looked to have given Unai Emery’s side another famous win when he slammed a loose ball home at the death, but referee Jesus Gil Manzano ruled Diego Carlos to have fouled Juve goalkeeper Michele Di Gregorio and the goal was chalked off. It was a disappointment for Villa, who remain unbeaten at home in their debut Champions League campaign and are still in contention to qualify automatically for the last 16. A very controversial finish at Villa Park 😲 Morgan Rogers' late goal is ruled out for a foul on Juventus goalkeeper Michele Di Gregorio and the match ends 0-0 ❌ 📺 @tntsports & @discoveryplusUK pic.twitter.com/MyYL5Vdy3r — Football on TNT Sports (@footballontnt) November 27, 2024 Emiliano Martinez had earlier displayed why he was named the best goalkeeper in the world as his wonder save kept his side level in the second half. The Argentina international paraded his two Yashin Trophies on the pitch before kick-off at Villa Park and then showed why he won back-to-back FIFA awards when he denied Francisco Conceicao. Before Rogers’ moment of drama in the fourth minute of added time, the closest Villa came to scoring was in the first half when Lucas Digne’s free-kick hit the crossbar. But a draw was a fair result which leaves Villa out of the top eight on goal difference and Juventus down in 19th. Before the game Emery called Juventus one of the “best teams in the world, historically and now”, but this was an Italian side down to the bare bones. Only 14 outfield players made the trip from Turin, with striker Dusan Vlahovic among those who stayed behind. The opening 30 minutes were forgettable before the game opened up. Ollie Watkins, still chasing his first Champions League goal, had Villa’s first presentable chance as he lashed an effort straight at Di Gregorio. Matty Cash then had a vicious effort from the resulting corner which was blocked by Federico Gatti and started a counter-attack which ended in Juventus striker Timothy Weah. Villa came closest to breaking the deadlock at the end of the first half when Digne’s 20-yard free-kick clipped the top of the crossbar and went over. Martinez then produced his brilliant save just after the hour. A corner made its way through to the far post where Conceicao was primed to head in at the far post, but Martinez sprawled himself across goal to scoop the ball away. How has he kept that one out?! 🤯 Emi Martinez with an INCREDIBLE save to keep it goalless at Villa Park ⛔️ 📺 @tntsports & @discoveryplusUK pic.twitter.com/OkcWHB7YIk — Football on TNT Sports (@footballontnt) November 27, 2024 Replays showed most of the ball went over the line, but the Argentinian got there with millimetres to spare. At the other end another fine goal-line block denied John McGinn as Manuel Locatelli got his foot in the way with Di Gregorio beaten. The game looked to be petering out until a last-gasp free-kick saw Rogers slam home, but whistle-happy official Gil Manzano halted the celebrations by ruling the goal out.
Bill Belichick interviews for UNC job, AP sources say11. SMU Mustangs 11-2 (8-0 Atlantic Coast Conference regular season) What's next: at No. 6 Penn State, State College, Pa., Dec. 21, Noon ET Head coach: Rhett Lashlee (three seasons, 29-11 overall) About Lashlee: The 41-year-old is enjoying success in his first college head coaching gig and has guided the Mustangs to back-to-back 11-win seasons. He was offensive coordinator at SMU from 2018-19 before heading to Miami for two years and returning to take the head job. He was named Atlantic Coast Conference Coach of the Year this season. Resume SMU notched ranked wins over then-No. 22 Louisville and then-No. 18 Pitt but really served notice while racking up 66 points in a win over TCU. The Mustangs lost two games by a total of six points: 34-31 to Clemson in the ACC title game and 18-15 to BYU. Postseason history This is SMU's first trip to the playoffs during the CFP era. The Mustangs have lost their past four bowl games, including two under Lashlee. The program had a memorable run in the early 1980s behind stars like Eric Dickerson and Craig James but numerous NCAA violations sank the Mustangs and they eventually served a two-year death penalty. The road to Atlanta SMU hits the road for the first-round matchup at No. 6 Penn State. The winner advances to play No. 3 Boise State (12-1) in the quarterfinals in the Fiesta Bowl on Dec. 31. Names to Know QB Kevin Jennings More from this section He threw for 304 yards and three TDs in the ACC title game, his fourth game over 300 yards passing this season. Jennings had a strong regular season with 2,746 yards and 19 TDs in the air and four scores on the ground. He can hurt teams with his feet, proven by a 113-yard outing against Louisville. "What is new now is the amount of criticism I receive from everyone. I get a lot of comments and messages from people on social media always criticizing everything after each game," Jennings said. RB Brashard Smith Stellar runner averaging 5.9 yards per carry to go with 1,270 yards and 14 TDs on the ground. LB Kobe Wilson Stands out against both the run and the pass, leading the team in tackles (110) and adding three sacks and two interceptions. S Isaiah Nwokobia He has enjoyed an outstanding season with 91 regular-season tackles and three interceptions while patrolling the back end. He has nine career interceptions. DT Jared Harrison-Hunte A force with 6.0 sacks, one interception and 38 tackles. He's in his first season with SMU after four at Miami. He has 15 career sacks. --Field Level Media
Earos to Launch Agent Workstation on December 12th 12-10-2024 09:18 PM CET | Business, Economy, Finances, Banking & Insurance Press release from: Getnews / PR Agency: LianPR Image: https://www.getnews.info/uploads/3b4338467a138e59dcb1c851856c9dea.jpg Earos is set to launch the Agent Workstation on December 12th, marking a significant milestone in the development of its AI-driven ecosystem. This launch will introduce a revolutionary product designed to empower users with the ability to create, deploy, and manage their own AI agents, enhancing the efficiency and potential of decentralized digital environments. Earos is an initiative to make the real world fairer, more efficient and sustainable by creating a brand-new digital space. Its ultimate goal is to build a digital twin of the earth moderated by AI Agents. By harnessing the power of advanced Generative AI, alongside physical simulations (VR, AR), and renewable technologies, it aims to allow virtual space not only seamlessly intertwine with but enhance the reality. At present, Earos is building a decentralized AI ecosystem converging an AI Agent model layer that enables everyone to train, validate and share fruits in an AI-native era. This transformative journey is backed by Lemon Ltd. and a wealth of leading innovators, who have invested $10 million in Earos at the pee-seed round. Strategically, Earos collaborates with influential partners, boasting unique strengths of policy support and technological advances, particularly in the realms of generative AI, LLM, blockchain and digital twin innovations. What they do? Their work in short: creating a digital replica of earth space by AI Agents to change the real world. At Earos, the value generated from both digital and physical space are seamlessly interconnected, serving as dual engines driving the innitiative. Specifically, this future-oriented world is underpinned by a tripartite structure. * Digital Platform: At the Digital level, they are building Earos, a Web3-enabled AI application which allows users to partake in AI Agent economy by validating through licenses. This step lays a groundwork for their future goal of an all-in-one AI Agent platform and creating a decentralized virtual earth space.The platform is open to global citizens and leading enterprises, allowing any individual to create anything they desire and engaging freely with the power of AI Agents in the future, while at the same time boasting a fair value distribution system. * Physical Ecosystem: In the physical realm, Earos collaborates with top enterprises to establish an unified ecosystem where virtual assets from online spaces are linked with values generated by leading supporters in the physical world, facilitating an increase in value to the real world. * Fresh Governance: At the top, they are shifting human governance to a governance model powered by robust technology. How Would Earos Potentially Enhance People's Life in the Real World? * Boosting Fairness in the AI-native age As Artificial Intelligence continues to reshape the industry, those who control the most powerful AI systems wield immense power over the future of society. The challenge lies in maintaining fairness while embracing the transformative potential of powerful technology. Earos is democratizing AI development, by allowing individuals to participate in training and validating AI Agents nodes and by establishing collaborative Autonomous Intelligenceon a decentralized network. They believe in the power of AI Agents and design products to bring AI Agents to the masses * Enhance Efficiency of Daily Life Earos champions enhanced efficiency by the fusion of AI Agent and digital twin technology. While AI can streamline the workflow, innovations like AI Agents and digital twins empower humans to predict outcomes and optimize solutions, whether in weather forecasting, urban management or health care. For example, with a digital replica of city model, city planners are able to monitor real-time traffic conditions, identify accident-prone zones, and take measures in advance. * Contribute to a More Sustainable Future The future of humans hinges on the delicate balance between technological advancement and the health of the earth. As the evolution of AI and other innovations, including bitcoin, comes at the cost of high energy consumption, Earos seeks to make the earth more sustainable by leveraging clean energy and virtual power. Their green efforts are supported by leading enterprises worldwide with Eco-friendly technologies. Earos Master plan The journey of Earos unfolds in three distinct phases: * W1 to expand the population, establishing financial systems and generating income for residents in the future earth. This stage will include their efforts in building communities, create AI-Agent-based crypto economy backbone while introducing agent workstation to offer oppurnities for ordinary users * W2 to unlock the power of AI Agent Platform, boosting revenue in the whole AI ecosystem and onboarding more talents to the initiative. AI Agent platform will be an on-chain multi-agent system, enabling users to build, deploy, and earn via a community-governed AI agent marketplace. * W3 to embrace a fairer, more prosperous lifestyle powered by digital twin earth and AI technology where values from both virtual landscape and tangible life seamlessly and freely flow with each other Earos Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) * Is Earos a project? Earos is not a project, it's an initiative that evolves in stages, each stage demanding unique companies, talents, resources, and support. Currently, it focuses on building the initial phase. * Is Earos building a virtual metaverse? Earos is not a meta verse that focuses only on virtual spaces. Though sharing parallels with such ideas, Erath3 is ultimately committed to real-world-problem-solving, rooted in tangible outcomes. * Is there an Earos mobile App? At the moment, Earos only has a desktop version; however, the mobile application will be available soon, with AI-Agent-driven functions easier for users. * What is Earos currently building? At the forefront of the AI revolution lies AI Agents, autonomous programs that perform tasks, make decisions, and interact with environments with little human input. Earos believes in an open, agentic future. All their products at present focus on unlocking the potential of AI Agents. To realize this vision, they will introduce AI Agent workstation in the first phase and build a one-stop AI Agent Development Platform in the next stage, seeking to bring AI Agents to the masses while improve life efficiency through autonomous intelligence * What is Agent Workstation? Agent Workstation is the flagship product at the outset of Earos (W1), primarily used for training decentralized AI Agents. It is made up of globally distributed nodes, each independently running Earos' self-developed large model for AI Agent data pre-training and validation, laying the groundwork for building a digital Earth moderated by AI Agents in latter stages. * How to run Agent Workstation? Before running an Agent Workstation, a participant needs to buy a license. By purchasing the license, the participant can receive EOS, the native token of the Earos ecosystem as rewards There are 2 ways to run an Agent Workstation 1. The user entrusts and delegates his Agent Workstation license to the platform for execution. 2. The user downloads the client to run the program by himself. This process only works in an Internate-enabled environment. Any disconnection of the network will lead to the loss of rewards. Earos looks forward to the impact Agent Workstation will have in reshaping the AI and blockchain landscape. The company is excited to empower a new generation of creators, developers, and users to engage with AI agents in an innovative, decentralized environment. Earos Information Table Earos Basic Information Official Website https://earos.io/ Headquarter Singapore Social Media X [ https://x.com/earos_official]Medium [ https://medium.com/@Earos]Telegram [ https://t.me/EarosOfficialGroup ] Disclaimer: This press release may contain forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements describe future expectations, plans, results, or strategies (including product offerings, regulatory plans and business plans) and may change without notice. You are cautioned that such statements are subject to a multitude of risks and uncertainties that could cause future circumstances, events, or results to differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements, including the risks that actual results may differ materially from those projected in the forward-looking statements. Media Contact Company Name: EARTH3 PTE. LTD Contact Person: Monica Email: Send Email [ http://www.universalpressrelease.com/?pr=earos-to-launch-agent-workstation-on-december-12th ] Country: Singapore Website: https://earos.io/ This release was published on openPR.– ENERGIZE-T Study Achieved Primary and All Key Secondary Endpoints in Adult Patients with Transfusion-Dependent Alpha- or Beta-Thalassemia – – ENERGIZE-T is First Phase 3 Study to Demonstrate Efficacy of an Oral, Disease-Modifying Treatment for Transfusion-Dependent Alpha- and Beta-Thalassemia – – Company Filed for Regulatory Approval of Mitapivat (PYRUKYND ® ) for the Treatment of Adult Patients with Non-Transfusion-Dependent and Transfusion-Dependent Alpha- or Beta-Thalassemia in U.S., European Union, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates – – Live and Webcast Investor Event with Agios Leadership and Medical Experts will be Hosted in San Diego on Monday, December 9 at 7:00 a.m. PT – CAMBRIDGE, Mass., Dec. 08, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Agios Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (Nasdaq: AGIO), a leader in cellular metabolism and pyruvate kinase (PK) activation pioneering therapies for rare diseases, today presented positive results from the Phase 3 ENERGIZE-T study investigating mitapivat, an oral, small molecule PK activator, in adults with transfusion-dependent alpha- or beta-thalassemia. These findings were shared in an oral presentation (abstract #409) at the 66 th American Society of Hematology (ASH) Annual Meeting and Exposition in San Diego, California. Thalassemia is a rare inherited blood disorder caused by genetic mutations that lead to a reduced production of healthy hemoglobin, compromising red blood cell development, health and survival, and resulting in chronic anemia. Patients with thalassemia often experience a range of debilitating complications, both from the disease itself and as secondary effects of common management strategies such as blood transfusions and iron chelation therapy, including organ damage, stroke, and other serious health issues. In the ENERGIZE-T trial, mitapivat demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in transfusion burden compared to placebo in patients with transfusion-dependent alpha- or beta-thalassemia, achieving its primary endpoint. Additionally, the ENERGIZE-T study met all the key secondary endpoints, with mitapivat demonstrating a statistically significant reduction in additional measures of transfusion reduction response compared to placebo. In June 2024, Agios also presented positive results from the Phase 3 ENERGIZE study, which evaluated mitapivat in adults with non-transfusion-dependent alpha- or beta-thalassemia. “Treatment options for patients with transfusion-dependent thalassemia are extremely limited, and transfusions carry serious risks, such as iron overload, infections and immune reactions. There is a significant need for alternative treatments to manage this debilitating disease,” said Maria Domenica Cappellini, M.D., professor, Internal Medicine, University of Milan, Italy. “The strong Phase 3 ENERGIZE-T results build on the positive findings from the Phase 3 ENERGIZE study in patients with non-transfusion-dependent alpha- or beta-thalassemia presented earlier this year, pointing to mitapivat as a potential transformative advancement in thalassemia care.” Phase 3 ENERGIZE-T Study Results ENERGIZE-T is a Phase 3, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled and multicenter 48-week study. A total of 258 patients were enrolled in the study worldwide, with 171 patients randomized to mitapivat 100 mg twice-daily (BID) and 87 patients randomized to matched placebo. The study’s primary endpoint of transfusion reduction response (TRR) was defined as a ≥50% reduction in transfused red blood cell (RBC) units with a reduction of ≥2 units of transfused RBCs in any consecutive 12-week period through Week 48 compared with baseline. A TRR was achieved by 30.4% (n=52/171) of patients in the mitapivat arm compared to 12.6% (n=11/87) of patients in the placebo arm (2-sided p=0.0003). Additionally, mitapivat demonstrated statistically significant reductions in transfusion burden compared with placebo as measured by the three key secondary endpoints of transfusion reduction response reflective of durability of response up to 36 weeks during the 48-week double-blind period. The key secondary endpoint TRR2, defined as a ≥50% reduction in transfused RBC units in any consecutive 24-week period through Week 48 compared with baseline, was achieved in 13.5% (n=23/171) versus 2.3% (n=2/87) of patients in the mitapivat and placebo arms, respectively (2-sided p=0.0003). The key secondary endpoints TRR3 and TRR4 were defined as a ≥33% and ≥50% reduction in transfused RBC units, respectively, from Week 13 through Week 48 compared with baseline. TRR3 was achieved in 14.6% (n=25/171) versus 1.1% (n=1/87) of patients in the mitapivat and placebo arms, respectively (2-sided p
'Genetic time machine' reveals complex chimpanzee cultures November 27, 2024 University of Zurich Chimpanzees are known for their remarkable intelligence and use of tools, but could their cultures also evolve over time like human cultures? A new, multidisciplinary study suggests that some of their most advanced behaviors may have been passed down and refined through generations. Facebook Twitter Pinterest LinkedIN Email Chimpanzees are known for their remarkable intelligence and use of tools, but could their cultures also evolve over time like human cultures? A new, multidisciplinary study led by the University of Zurich suggests that some of their most advanced behaviors may have been passed down and refined through generations. In recent decades, scientists have clearly demonstrated that chimpanzees, like humans, pass on complex cultures such as tool use from generation to generation. But human culture has become vastly more sophisticated, from the Stone Age to the Space Age, as new advances have been incorporated. Chimpanzee cultures haven't changed in the same way, which suggests that only humans have the remarkable ability to build more sophisticated cultures over time. Scientists studying chimpanzees in the wild, however, have disputed this, suggesting that some of chimpanzees' most complex technologies, in which they use multiple tools in sequence to extract hidden food sources, were probably built on previous knowledge over time. Tracing genetic links "As most chimpanzee tools, such as sticks and stems, are perishable, there are few records of their history to confirm this hypothesis -- unlike human cases such as the evolution of the wheel or computer technology," says lead author Cassandra Gunasekaram from the Department of Evolutionary Anthropology at the University of Zurich. For the new study, a team of anthropologists, primatologists, physicists and geneticists from universities and research institutions in Zurich, St. Andrews, Barcelona, Cambridge, Konstanz and Vienna joined forces to trace genetic links between chimpanzee populations over thousands of years, using new discoveries in genetics to uncover key pieces of chimpanzee cultural history in ways never before imagined. Early stages of cumulative culture The authors collected information on markers of genetic similarity -- genetic evidence of links between different groups of chimpanzees -- as well as a range of foraging behaviors previously reported to be culturally learned, from a total of 35 chimpanzee study sites across Africa. They grouped these behaviors into those that required no tools; those that required simple tools, such as using a leaf sponge to get water from a tree hole; and the most complex behaviors that relied on a toolset. Trading toolsets across generations "As an example of such a toolset, chimpanzees in the Congo region first use a strong stick to dig a deep tunnel through hard soil to reach an underground termite nest," explains Gunasekaram. "Next, they make a 'fishing' probe by pulling a long plant stem through their teeth to form a brush-like tip, pressing it into a point and deftly threading it down the tunnel they've made. They then pull it out and nibble off any defending termites that have bitten into it." "We made the surprising discovery that it is the most complex chimpanzee technologies -- the use of entire 'toolsets' -- that are most strongly linked across now distant populations," says corresponding author Andrea Migliano, professor of evolutionary anthropology at UZH. "This is exactly what would be predicted if these more advanced technologies were rarely invented and even less likely to be reinvented, and therefore more likely to have been transmitted between groups." How female migrations spread innovation In chimpanzees, it is sexually maturing females, rather than males, who migrate to new communities to avoid inbreeding. In this way, genes are spread between neighboring groups and then further afield over the years, centuries and millennia. The study authors discovered that it would be these same female migrations that could spread any new cultural advances to communities that lacked them. The study also showed that when both complex toolsets and their simpler versions (i.e., mostly the components of the toolsets) occur at different study sites, the genetic markers indicate that the sites were connected in the past by female migrations. This suggests that the complex versions were built cumulatively by adding to or modifying the simple ones. "These groundbreaking discoveries provide a new way to demonstrate that chimpanzees have a cumulative culture, albeit at an early stage of development," Migliano adds. Story Source: Materials provided by University of Zurich . Note: Content may be edited for style and length. Related Multimedia : Journal Reference : Cite This Page :